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Galactic structure ^ Star-forming nebula O Pulsar or supernova remnant (edge-on view) Kepler's supernova frmn.nt g a l a.erne. ■66/24 Cruch :4755 fiKîfb'm'seci $235 ❖ 0. GALACTIC PLANE + RCW38 NGC 5281 MonocerosOB2 agoory CiSUoptià A s supernova t remnant 120 1 500 LIGHT YEARS 0 GALACTIC LONGITUDE Coordinate iyatem centered on Earth Cygnut Loop supernova remnant e.VV NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO THE GALAXY A TURBULENT HEART ®Far boyond the galactic disk, yot drawn by its gravity, lone stars and globular clusters wander the galaxy's halo. Regions of dark matter—unseen but felt through its gravitational effects— extend beyond that. ^ Vast clouds of interstollar £ dust block much of our night sky view of the Milky Way, which from our position in the flat galactic disk appears as a fuzzy band of light. Infrared satellites can see through the dust to reveal the galaxy's structure. , Earth's orbit around the sun ^ lies at a sevore angle to the galactic plane. ®A graph based on a radio survey reveals the whirlpool motion of molecular gas in the inner part of our galaxy: gas moving away from Earth (top half) and toward Earth (bottom half). The densest gas appears white; least dense, blue. - Massive amounts of energy ° are released near the center of the Milky Way, producing olectrons that raco along magnetic field lines, illuminating remnants of stellar explosions. Probing even deeper into the core, a radio image details a spiral of hot gas that is falling toward what may be a black hole some 2.6 million times as massive as the sun. NGC5272 Globular clusters Home galaxy of Earth, the Milky Way is a spiral-shaped system of a few hundred billion stars. Bright regions of recently formed stars highlight its arms, while older stars explode or expel their outer layers as beautiful planetary nebulae, then fade away and die. A thick swarm of orange and red stars marks the galactic bulge, encapsulating the star-packed galactic center. At its core may lie a black hole, a region so dense that not even light can escape its gravitational pull. All objects in the Milky Way orbit the galactic center, much like planets in Earth’s solar system revolve around the sun. But the scale is staggering: Light from a star at one edge of the galaxy takes about 100,000 years to reach the opposite side. Galactic f / piano / Ä / Ecliptic W /sviT «*"• [ 10 light-years wide ___________ NEU BJUECM AUSTRMIA TELESCOPE NATtO^AA f AOUTY fATS#); < V U). USrvTRSlTY OP KIJNOtf 960 light-year» wide I 0 GftGOS. J IMAVtAA. N. E ICASSIM. TAW IAÖO. NAVAI I 7 GalacticTk>ngi:u<l<» V Vhowas w oame. dap haktvusn. patpki^Yhadceus. HJAVA0O *>V-TK%CAtAN asu AIOK ASfWKVSlCS AR0*ATC«Y Omept Centaur/ NCC 5/39 > Kappa Crucii NCC 4755 . Citing NCC 3. Keyhole NCC 3Î24 NGC 6397 Omega Ml7 o © Ugoon MS WE ARE HERE 7 M2-9G"' M97 Trifid M20 Antiret (himbbell M7Q M27 NGC 7293 o\ This computer-generated image of the Milky Way—one perspective of a 3-D model newly compiled for National Geographic—incorporates the actual positions of hundreds of thousands of stars and nebulae. >ne NGC 2264 R Pofette NGC 2237 North America NCC70Q0 Globular star cluster Interstellar gas and dust «* £.6.009 Primar/ consultants: Bruce G. itmegrten. IBM Corporation. Debra Me 1er/ itnegreen. Vasuar College. M (M. NASA Goddard Space flight Certes Mttty Way c«A9ufc*0tS* John M. Dickey. University o f Minnesota; Jayanne Engbsh. Space Telescope Science Institute; key FriedUnder, Ted Cuil. rh»p PiaA. NASA Goddard Space fight Center. topee fur. Geneva Observatory; Jeff Goldstein. Challenger Center for Space? Science Education; Paul W. Hodge. University of Washington T. Joseph W. Laiio, Naval Research Laboratory; Jay Lock/r^x Morton 1 Roberts. National Radio Astronomy Observatory Hector ANartJ. Jorge Me/. Leonardo Bronfman, University o/Stifc; Urtreruey of Colorado; John H. Bxging. University of Arixona; Richard Cohen, David A Grabthky. Cohjasbia UvrtrsAy; Thomas M. Dame. SetkfW. Digel. Patrick Thaddeus. Harvard-Smehsonian Center for Astrophyucs? tugene/j. De Gem. tOuwer Academic Ruttishrn, Denn* Do* res, Thomas L WAson.1iem £ WinK Mu - Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie; Won P. GecrgtHn. Observatoire de Marse&O; A. Peter Henderson, Manhattan College, /tier D. Jackson. Frank J. Kerr. Urvretvty of Maryland; RkhardX. McGef. Janke A. Mdton. Commonwealth Sckntifk and Industrial Research Organisation Nebula Younger star region (OB stars) Molecular cloud Galactic bulgo or center (older star region) Rcforenc© numbers for galaxies, nebulae, and star clusters IC (Index Catalog) M (Messier) NGC (New General Catalog) Coordinate system centored on galactic center LAGOON NEBULA PLANETARY NEBULA M2-9 ft Palomtr I galaxy, including dark nebulae rich in microscopic dust that blocks our view of stars beyond. When a star adjoins a dark nebula, the dust particles reflect starlight and the black than the sun. They sparkle like an assortment of gems on a jeweler's velvet pad. In some dark clouds lurk strange ™ obiccts4ikeXJ339.88-1.26, detected by a European SouthernTDbservatoryiete-scope in Chile and mapped in infrared light (right). A star ------------------------- 20 times as mas-sivo as the sun and 10,000 times brighter, it sports a disk of circum-stellar dust, shown | here in false color, about 20,000 times wider than Earth's Earth, clumpy, filamentary ' clouds of hydrogen gas reveal their stately march in a radio map from the Australia Telescope Compact AwustcAuuT.tu*». Array. The lower half of the cloud (blue) is rotating toward the Earth while the topside (red) turns away. Glistening along the spiral arms of the galaxy, brighKemission nebulae mark regions where new stars are forp* ing. The Lagoon Nebula (ebovehpbdut 5,000 light-years distant, is'e^sHy detected with the naked eye as a fw>zy spot in the southern constellatiop^agittarius. Wide-field images showlhat it covers more of retirees, however, f ■■■ I j. i •' X'.\ bir every star in the *£-•' iw; cluster is about the v* V,»:* '■?■(*•% ■ik-l't same age, billions ft of years older than /'•'*.*!>>. our 4.6 billion- V -; year-old sun. ■ ’ o Peering * * ® between dust >■ ; < clouds toward the central bulge of rbLL-* .21 ■ the Milky Way. the '**“*"'** ”*“ Hubble Space Telescope focused on a rare clear region in the Sagittarius star cloud (above right). These Sagittarius stars formed at different times; most are older visible light from the Hubble Space Telescope. -—■ —Cloadrofinterstellar dust (right), strewn over huge regions along the central plane of the Milky Way, are not thick and smooth but seem as frothy as the head on a glass of beer. Supernova shock waves and stellar wind from evolving stars may have shaped this surprising pattern. When a massive star comes to the end of its nuclear fuel supply, it collapses and then rebounds in a brief, powerful explosion, or super- ------------------------------- nova. The Chinese . • called these celes- • . tial fireworks guest stars and recorded one such in the con-stellation Taurus in July 1054 that was visible in broad daylight. . a In that location today astronomers find the fast-expanding Crab Nebula (left), a supernova remnant. At its heart lies a pulsar—a collapsed star—whirling 30 times a second. Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way host equally remark able celestial phenomena. In the Large Magellanic Cloud (above right), 180,000 light-years from IMA. STOCK Exotic kaleidoscopes of the Milky W^y, colorful nebulae and star clusters are \ found throughout Earth's galaxy. Even a run-of-the-mill star may eventually produce a nebula of surpassing beauty. @Just as our sun will do in its death throes some five billion years from now, a dying star expanded into a red giant and was transformed into the nebula M2-9 (above). At its center shines a small, hot core, which will cool and fade over eons to come. Its stellar wind, streams of charged particles, rushes outward in opposite directions, like exhaust from back-to-back jet engines. This btpolarism, revealed by the Hubble Space Telescope, is common among planetary nebulaêvUltraviolet light from the star heats M2-5Ks gases and makes them glow. Other type^pf nebulae exist in our cloud seems to have a silver lining. P The million-° plus stars packed into a globular cluster such as Omega Centauri (right) are senior citizens of the Milky Way. Unlike human the sjcythan does the full moon. Where mere was once only a vast dark cloud, radiation from the brightest and most massive young star in the nebula, Her-schel 36, heats and ionizes the gas across a wide region. Despite the brilliance of the Lagoon Nebula and similar objects like the famous Orion Nebula, such areas are usually little more than hot blisters on the flanks of giant interstellar clouds. With new tools, astronomers are unraveling the nature of the Milky Way and measuring distances to stars and nebulae with greater accuracy. Still, they ask, how did the Milky Way form in the first place? How and when did the arms form? How many more planets circle nearby stars besides the 102 already discovered? And the biggest question of all: Do any of them harbor life? SUfiCEUNW UMVtAttTYC* A UNO'S. USXt* STAVEUY-SA*fK AIHf Copyright © 2002 National Geographic Society. Washington. D.C. Reprinted August 2005 22040 For information regarding avaiiatxe maps call 1*800-962-1643 or write to National Geograph* Maps. PO Box 4357. Evergreen. CO 80437-4357 You can find us on the Internet at nationalgeographlc.com/maps f RAN«. VAf.OU WHUAM H WAIlC A SASA, ftAftlO ASTWONOMCAL SATEUITE. SKYV*W
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