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Driving Galaxies Apart The universe is expanding at an ever-increasing rate, with something that astronomers call dark energy appearing to push it apart faster than gravity can pull it together. THE PRESENT MEASURING THE EXPANSION Type la supernovas are stars that explode with a predictable brightness. Light from distant supernovas looks dimmer and redder than expected, implying that the universe is expanding The more distant the star, the faster it appears to be moving away. — STATIC UNIVERSE 1 No red shift of starlight EXPANDING UNIVERSE Red shift 5 BILLION YEARS AGO EXPANSION SLOWS, THEN ACCELERATES Until about five billion years ago. the rate of expansion of the universe was slowing, because of gravity from the atoms and dark matter that make up a quarter of the universe. But as the expansion continued, the influence of dark energy, which is thought to make up the rest of the universe, began to surpass that of gravity, and the rate of expansion started to speed up. Atoms Dark matter Dark energy Composition of the universe EARLY EXPANSION The universe expands as a cloud of gas. After a billion years, gravity compresses pockets of gas to form stars. Galaxies begin to form. THE BIG BANG The universe is born in an immense explosion that creates space and time. Sources: NASA: Space Telescope Science Institute JONATHAN CORUM,TH ENEW YORK TIMES
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